Integrating Morning Prayer into the Working Day

千里之行始于足下 (‘a thousand-mile journey begins beneath one’s feet’), in the words of Laozi. Or as the Proverbs say, Train up a child in the way he should go: and when he is old, he will not depart from it. The way we live is trained by patterns earlier established. Thinking about integrating Morning and Evening Prayer into a parish’s life, I wondered how any normal parishioners living in the modern world would make it to Morning Prayer especially. All Anglican clerics are obliged to say the Daily Office anyway, so questions concern mainly the how, not so much the whether.

How, indeed, could you establish a pattern for people to go to church early in the morning every day? Many people, after all, don’t consider themselves morning people, though like my dad they may shlep themselves whithersoever they need to go. Parents, moreover, have family duties of every kind, so often a disposition toward public prayer will come to nothing in a secularized society where no one’s expected to attend any services at all.

Becoming part of family life

If family be a hindrance, then maybe family is the key as well. Working parents with schoolchildren know the experience of droping off the kids at school before work and picking them up at the end of the day. If drop-offs happened in the same place as Morning Prayer before work, things could be a lot easier. If parents could go to worship with their children in the morning and not have to take them some place else before work, they could have more time to grow together with their families and have a time to be still before God and peacefully to entrust themselves and their children to his mercy.

These are advantages of parochial schools. It surprises no one for a Christian school to have morning chapel, and if that was how the public day began for parents as well as students, I should hardly think anyone would be worse off. There’s something eminently worthwhile in giving parents and children the daily opportunity to confess their sins together, to hear God’s pardon together, to render thanks to him together, to set forth his praise together, to hear his holy Word together, and to petition him together. The schoolchildren, of course, would also learn the ways of the Bible and the prayerbook. There’s a liminal quality to such a daily ritual, similar to the way in which pubs and cafés bridge public work life and home life: sent forth to the work of the day, the parents, teachers and students all apply themselves to their godly vocations.

Building up the people

A simple, sober service edifies the people. The weekday services need not be weighed down with morning sermons, but the word of God is living and active, sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing to the division of soul and spirit, of joints and marrow, and discerning the thoughts and intents of the heart. This low-pressure service has evangelistic potential, too, especially for unbelieving parents of some of the schoolchildren, who though not actively joining in have space to sit and think; the schoolchildren themselves, of course, can be quite welcoming even to their peers whose parents have already dropped them off.

Eventually, the community notices this morning service, and a few who are curious may even sit in the back and hear the holy Scriptures for the first time. Some may flip through the prayerbook and even return for Evensong. As these services become known, things change, because God’s word suffuses community life. I recognize that this isn’t within the current means of many parishes, but I do think it can happen. Is this a good idea? How could it be improved?

Virtue, Not Xenophobia

R. A. of The Economist says of yesterday’s State of the Union address, ‘A zero-sum world is a world without hope, and if Mr Obama is convinced that’s what we’re in then I don’t see much need for him to stick around.’ Since I believe in the existence of a common good, I agree with this judgement.

Others, thinking this assessment an overreaction, have raised the point that the State of the Union address in an election year is a political speech designed for reëlection. I shall pass over the fact that the State of the Union address, made by the President as head of state, should aim primarily to edify all, not to score points for one faction. The address may in fact be aimed toward reëlection, but even granting that this is acceptable, I cannot but view the President’s speech with a measure of distaste, especially if he claims liberal ideals.

We should always hope for progress that benefits all, even if we believe strongly that the way we propose is the wisest way. A political speech for reëlection should have nothing to do with envy and everything to do with incitement to virtuous labour. We are America, gifted with industriousness and freedom of invention, and have sometimes been the stupor mundi. Perhaps this is long gone. Perhaps this no longer appeals to Americans. Perhaps we’re no longer inspired to outdo the rest in ennobling the world. But if we will be so mean-spirited as to desire victory at all costs – if this be the moral squalour to which we have sunk – we deserve to sink like a rock.

‘Don’t let other countries win the race for the future,’ our President says. There is both truth and avarice here. Blue-collar folks see foreign manufacturing as threatening; indeed, some of my own family members think outsourcing rather unpatriotic. I, too, have my grievances against corporations that (by nature, it seems) pursue their own gain without attachment to human bonds, the same thing I hold against the great Leviathan of Thomas Hobbes. I even believe our country’s failure to invest more heavily in magnetic confinement fusion energy will cost us if the bulk of resulting jobs goes to Korea and Japan.

None of this, however, constitutes a good excuse for xenophobia. If the world moves inhumanly fast, the point is to take care of grandma, not to profit from a neighbour’s misfortune, nor to curse him with hope of gain, nor to wager against him. In the end we all lose by encouraging vice instead of virtue.

Real Presence and Two Kingdoms

Like Luther and Rome, Calvin confesses Christ’s real presence in the holy Supper, and a real participation thereby in the sacred Body and Blood. What’s controverted is the manner of this real presence. The eucharistic doctrine of the Church of England, closely related to Calvin’s opinion, is given in the 28th of the Thirty-Nine Articles:

The Supper of the Lord is not only a sign of the love that Christians ought to have among themselves one to another, but rather it is a Sacrament of our Redemption by Christ’s death: insomuch that to such as rightly, worthily, and with faith, receive the same, the Bread which we break is a partaking of the Body of Christ; and likewise the Cup of Blessing is a partaking of the Blood of Christ.

Transubstantiation (or the change of the substance of Bread and Wine) in the Supper of the Lord, cannot be proved by Holy Writ; but is repugnant to the plain words of Scripture, overthroweth the nature of a Sacrament, and hath given occasion to many superstitions.

The Body of Christ is given, taken, and eaten, in the Supper, only after an heavenly and spiritual manner. And the mean whereby the Body of Christ is received and eaten in the Supper, is Faith.

The Sacrament of the Lord’s Supper was not by Christ’s ordinance reserved, carried about, lifted up, or worshipped.

The heavenly and spiritual is actually related, I’m sure, to Two Kingdoms theology. Continue reading

Incense

The offering of incense in Christian worship is abrogated; its practical and symbolical use to sweeten the air is not. Would it be wrong to use the holy incense of Exodus 30.34–38 to cense the air for the reading of the Gospel at Holy Communion, and at the singing of the Te Deum or Magnificat in the Daily Office – or, for that matter, the holy anointing oil (Ex 30.23–33) to sign baptizees with the sign of the Cross to represent their ordination into the priesthood of all believers? Walk in love, as Christ also hath loved us, and hath given himself for us an offering and a sacrifice to God for a sweetsmelling savour.

Under the shadow of Westminster Abbey, the clock struck twelve by the Thames. Then followed the most magnificent twelve minutes of fireworks I had ever seen.

On Having Feelings

I walk about hooded and cloaked. Sometimes I am all calm outside, sometimes all perturbation; sometimes all marble, sometimes all vodka. Inside? I know not myself: you tell me. But often I am reminded why I am an introvert: I hate people, and I wish I felt nothing. But most have no idea what a misanthrope I am. The joys of living in society do not exceed the pains of dealing with people. These aside, the only reason is the glory of God. Is that worth it? Lord, do not mock me. Dicam Deo, noli me condemnare.

It is passing strange, that it is by pain that I am at once attracted and repulsed by the world: by others’ pain attracted, by my own repulsed. I betray my feelings, and they betray me. Trahison, trahison. Dost thou mock me with remembrance of my misery? I wish to remember no more, as God remembers no more the sins that he has forgiven. Why must I have feelings, or why can I not leave with them? They do no good. I grant that they were created for good, as are all things essential to the nature of things; but though made for pleasure, for happiness, in an evil age they are an evil, bringing endless suffering: if life is nasty, brutish and short, let us not have such troubles to molest us. Sweet is sweet, but bitter is bitter indeed. All erdly joy returnis in pane.

When I have served my purpose, I do not mind departing; but when I have served my purpose, I do not mind departing. I find it perennially hard to see my value apart from what I do. I am what I do, for who can see what else there is, but through my deeds? God, yes, but how? Once I am finished – yes, am finished – it is not parsimonious for me to live longer: to put it blasphemously, it is finished. I should hardly have the motivation ever to take my life: what you will see me doing instead is to disregard it entirely.

That is, after all, the height of apathy. Or of some kind of irony. Dimittam adversum me eloquium meum. Well, you may discern some of the reasons I like to listen to Victoria’s Officium Defunctorum. All erdly joy returnis in pane.

Bilingual Early Church

The early Church had its share of bilingual communities. We see it already in Acts, where the Church in Jerusalem had Hebraic Jews and Hellenists; later in Rome we also see a late switch from liturgies in Greek to liturgies in Latin. As in our own time, these Christians must’ve experienced great social changes, and children must’ve been culturally different from their parents, or there would be no Hellenistic Jews in the first place; add to that the influx 0f converts who don’t share the cultural practices of the older believers. In the midst of these diverse cultural identities, what did the Church do when it gathered for worship, and how did it maintain its unity of doctrine and discipline?

Historical examples would likely be a great help toward addressing problems churches face today, from the social fragmentation of Chinese-American parishes to the lack of clarity about the continued existence of the Convocation of Anglicans in North America (CANA), a missionary district sponsored by the Church of Nigeria, when it appears to have every reason to join the Anglican Church in North America (ACNA).

Disestablishment Impossible

I shall say it outright: every state has an established religion, and I think it best that this established religion be Protestant Christianity. Warren Carter says in the postscript of The Roman Empire and the New Testament (HT: Ollie Ip),

The difficulty with empire arises in part because empires often make totalizing claims. They claim to exert complete sovereignty. They claim unrivaled power. They claim to know best. They have the means to accomplish their will regardless of what anyone else thinks. They demand allegiance. They sanction their actions with religious talk (‘God bless America’). They cannot tolerate dissent.

Counterintuitively, I find this to be an argument against disestablishment, not for it. Continue reading

The Difference Between Protestants and Anabaptists

Anabaptists are not actually Protestants. One question divides Protestants and Anabaptists: Is the visible Church on earth to contain both true believers and false, both wheat and tares? Conversely, is every true assembly of the Church composed purely of the wheat?

Protestants answer yes to the first question and no to the second; Anabaptists do the opposite. Anabaptists, unlike Protestants, didn’t seek to reform the existing visible Church (since the invisible Church cannot be reformed by man at all, being the realm of the human soul, which none rule but God); instead they sought to make, from the number of ‘new’ believers leaving the old corrupt Church, a new, different, separate ‘pure’ Church, living apart from ‘the world’. Continue reading

Ever Productive

I’ve written (more or less) a contrafactum to one of Charles V’s favourite songs, ‘Mille regretz’ (pdf), by Josquin des Prez. The words I set to the music? Essentially the first verse of Watts’s ‘Alas, and Did My Saviour Bleed?’, with a few glossing interpolations. But I need to test this out musically to see if it actually works.

Dignities and Authority

Your Grace the Metropolitan Archbishop of Rome, Patriarch of the West, by the grace of God anointed King of the Vatican, with all these honours you still have no supremacy in the Church, nor with them can you rule my spirit or decide my eternal destiny. If you must, claim High Kingship of all the earth, but it is not through you that the Church has the Spirit of God, nor through any clergyman.

Western Wind and its Masses

I may see myself writing my M.Litt. dissertation about this poem:

Westron wynde, when wilt thou blow,
The small raine down can raine.
Cryst, if my love were in my armes
And I in my bedde again!

Has no one broached the question of why this lyric poem (or something very much like it) became the musical basis of three different Mass settings in England, when matching secular lyrics with the Ordinary of the Mass (as in Missa Entre vous filles and Missa mille regretz) was clearly a Continental trend?

One caveat: St Andrews seems rather poor in library material on medieval and Renaissance music.

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Private in the Midst of the Multitude

[Or, an apology for true liturgy: wherein is defended the common good against the calumnies of those who despise it, and the free-worshippers vindicated from the imputation of being defensors of freedom.]

Public worship, also called liturgy, is not individual action that other people can see, any more than public property is one person’s property that other people may use. But just as public property belongs to the people as a whole, and a republic is not for anyone to treat as the plaything of his private interests, public worship is the action of the whole people. Continue reading

Donne Resting in the Merits of Christ

The righteous shall be had in everlasting remembrance: the Psalmist’s words apply to everyone the Lord saves. The more I read of John Donne, here and there in bits and pieces, the more I thank the Lord for saving him and preserving what he wrote. Oh, how the man preached! His words on the joyous resurrection of the dead, and his sole confidence in Christ’s merits, beautifully secure in my heart what St Paul taught the Romans:

Christ shall bear witnesse for me, in ascribing his righteousnesse unto me, and in delivering me into his Fathers hands, with the same tendernesse, as he delivered up his owne soule, and in making me, who am a greater sinner, then they who crucified him on earth for me, as innocent, and as righteous as his glorious selfe, in the Kingdome of heaven.

I think that main clause shall be the inscription on my tomb, for I can think of no expression more evangelical for that purpose, and few as eloquent. So too it would do very well for my children’s devotions that they read the best of his sermons and meditations. Very Reverend Doctor, I hope I may come to love God as much as you did, for you show me that there is nothing better than to be loved by God; I know you’d be only too happy to know that.

Earth cannot receive, Heaven cannot give such another universall soul to all: all persons, all actions, as Mercy. And were I the childe of this Text [Isaiah 65.20], that were to live a hundred years, I would ask no other marrow to my bones, no other wine to my heart, no other light to mine eyes, no other art to my understanding, no other eloquence to my tongue, then the power of apprehending for my self, and the power of deriving and conveying upon others by my Ministry, the Mercy, the early Mercy, the everlasting Mercy of yours, and my God.

God bless forever those who hear him proclaim the Cross of Christ, that they may be moved to believe.